“Ne e blem\u00eb at\u00eb, paguam p\u00ebr t\u00eb, e nd\u00ebrtuam at\u00eb, dhe synojm\u00eb ta mbajm\u00eb”.<\/p>\n
Tema ishte Kanali i Panamas\u00eb, fol\u00ebsi ishte kandidati p\u00ebr president t\u00eb Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs, Ronald Reagan, n\u00eb marsin e vitit 1976.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb pas, megjithat\u00eb, presidenti Jimmy Carter n\u00ebnshkroi marr\u00ebveshje p\u00ebr t’ia dor\u00ebzuar Panamas\u00eb kontrollin e rrug\u00ebs vitale ujore.<\/p>\n
Gjysm\u00eb shekulli pasi debati mbi pron\u00ebsin\u00eb e tij l\u00ebkundi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb Uashingtonin, \u00e7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb aktualizuar p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, teksa presidenti n\u00eb ardhje i SHBA-s\u00eb, Donald Trump, sinjalizoi synimin p\u00ebr ta rimarr\u00eb kanalin e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, duke pohuar se Kina “praktikisht e ka marr\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb”.<\/p>\n
Kanali aktualisht administrohet nga Panamaja, por Matthew Parker, autor i nj\u00eb libri p\u00ebr rrug\u00ebn e famshme detare, thot\u00eb p\u00ebr Radion Evropa e Lir\u00eb se “kompanit\u00eb kineze kan\u00eb hise kontrolluese n\u00eb portet n\u00eb t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt e Kanalit t\u00eb Panamas\u00eb”.<\/p>\n
Kjo, shprehet ai, \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb trendi m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin Pekini “po zgjeron interesat e tij n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn detare nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare” n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb “edhe n\u00eb ‘oborrin’ jugor t\u00eb Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara”.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr pohim nga Trumpi, se Shtetet e Bashkuara kan\u00eb humbur “38.000 njer\u00ebz nga malaria” gjat\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb kanalit, sipas Parkerit, e n\u00ebnvler\u00ebson rolin tragjik t\u00eb nj\u00eb vendi tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb origjin\u00ebn e rrug\u00ebs detare.<\/p>\n
Prej shekujsh, detar\u00ebt kishin k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb shkurtore q\u00eb do ta lidhte Oqeanin Paq\u00ebsor dhe at\u00eb Atlantik p\u00ebrmes istmit t\u00eb Panamas\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur rrug\u00ebn e mundimshme p\u00ebrreth skajit t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs jugore.<\/p>\n
M\u00eb 1881, i frym\u00ebzuar nga suksesi i Kanalit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb Suezit, diplomati francez, Ferdinand de Lesseps, nisi zyrtarisht pun\u00ebn p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e Kanalit t\u00eb Panamas\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Rruga do t\u00eb shkurtonte p\u00ebr rreth 60 p\u00ebr qind larg\u00ebsin\u00eb detare nd\u00ebrmjet brigjeve lindore dhe per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
De Lesseps grumbulloi ekuivalentin e miliarda dollar\u00ebve t\u00eb sot\u00ebm p\u00ebr projektin, para t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura pjes\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb paguar gazetar\u00eb dhe politikan\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur mb\u00ebshtetjen publike dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb inkurajuar investimet.<\/p>\n
Por, plani francez p\u00ebr t\u00eb hapur nj\u00eb kanal n\u00eb nivel deti n\u00ebp\u00ebr Panama ishte i prir\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebshtonte q\u00eb n\u00eb nisje.<\/p>\n
Pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb ist\u00ebm tropikal t\u00eb kapluar nga varf\u00ebria, trazirat politike dhe s\u00ebmundjet. N\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb kur s\u00ebmundjet besohej se p\u00ebrhapeshin nga “avujt” misterioz\u00eb, fajtor\u00ebt e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb – mushkonjat – zbarkuan mbi ardh\u00ebsit n\u00eb re aq t\u00eb dendura, saq\u00eb nj\u00eb pun\u00ebtor kujtoi t\u00eb ket\u00eb par\u00eb tufa “duke shuar nj\u00eb qiri t\u00eb ndezur me trupat e tyre t\u00eb djegur”.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb kulmin vdekjeprur\u00ebs t\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjes franceze, rreth dyzet pun\u00ebtor\u00eb vdisnin \u00e7do dit\u00eb, shumica nga ethet e verdha apo malaria.<\/p>\n
Pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e pap\u00ebrvoj\u00eb u gjet\u00ebn kryesisht n\u00eb Karaibe, por kostoja njer\u00ebzore e projektit francez u ilustrua m\u00eb s\u00eb dhimbshmi nga historia e kryeinxhinierit t\u00eb tij, Jules Dingler.<\/p>\n
Francezi mori me vete n\u00eb Panama familjen e vet dhe pa s\u00ebmundjen t’ua marrte jet\u00ebn nj\u00ebrit pas tjetrit, vajz\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, t\u00eb fejuarit t\u00eb vajz\u00ebs s\u00eb tij dhe djalit t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n
Kur kompania nd\u00ebrtuese franceze p\u00ebrfundimisht d\u00ebshtoi m\u00eb 1889, qindra mij\u00ebra investitor\u00eb humb\u00ebn kursimet e tyre n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb prej skandaleve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha financiare n\u00eb histori.<\/p>\n
Francez\u00ebt n\u00eb largim lan\u00eb prapa shum\u00eb pajisje, si dhe mbetjet mortore t\u00eb rreth 20.000 pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb pas katastrof\u00ebs franceze n\u00eb Panama, Theodore Roosevelt u zgjodh president i SHBA-s\u00eb.<\/p>\n
I nxitur nga nj\u00eb besim se Shtetet e Bashkuara duhet t’i dominojn\u00eb val\u00ebt ekonomikisht dhe ushtarakisht, presidenti i 26-t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoi q\u00eb SHBA-ja t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb aty ku e la Franca.<\/p>\n
Kur negociatat p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koncesion p\u00ebr kanalin nd\u00ebrmjet SHBA-s\u00eb dhe Kolumbis\u00eb – provinc\u00eb e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ishte Panamaja – ngec\u00ebn m\u00eb 1903, revolucionar\u00ebt panamez\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur nga SHBA-ja u shk\u00ebput\u00ebn nga Kolumbia, teksa luftanijet amerikane q\u00ebndronin n\u00eb gatishm\u00ebri larg brigjeve.<\/p>\n
Uashingtoni njohu menj\u00ebher\u00eb shtetin e ri, nd\u00ebrsa pasoi nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb kanali n\u00ebp\u00ebr Panama.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb vend se t\u00eb hapnin nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb n\u00eb nivel deti nga bregu n\u00eb breg, si\u00e7 ishin munduar francez\u00ebt, inxhinier\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb zgjodh\u00ebn ta p\u00ebrmbysnin qendr\u00ebn e istmit t\u00eb Panamas\u00eb, duke nd\u00ebrtuar nj\u00eb pend\u00eb n\u00eb lumin \u00c7agres.<\/p>\n
Liqeni artificial do t\u00eb q\u00ebndronte 26 metra mbi nivelin e detit, kurse nj\u00eb varg zinxhir\u00ebsh do t’i ngrinin anijet lart deri n\u00eb liqen, e m\u00eb pas do t’i zbritnin ato n\u00eb nivelin e detit n\u00eb skajin tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr fatin e mir\u00eb t\u00eb planifikuesve amerikan\u00eb, roli i mushkonjave n\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjen e s\u00ebmundjeve u kuptua para se ekipet e tyre t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb arrinin n\u00eb Panama.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrpjekje aq intensive ishin nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb p\u00ebr zhdukjen e mushkonjave n\u00eb ist\u00ebm, saq\u00eb nj\u00eb inxhinier pohoi se secila mushkonj\u00eb e ngordhur i kushtonte taksapaguesit amerikan 10 dollar\u00eb.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrpjekjes amerikane i ndihmoi fakti se udh\u00ebhiqej nga inxhinier\u00eb q\u00eb respektoheshin nga ekipet e tyre.<\/p>\n
Ndarja racore zbatohej nd\u00ebrmjet pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb pap\u00ebrvoj\u00eb me ngjyr\u00eb, kryesisht nga Barbadosi, dhe amerikan\u00ebve t\u00eb bardh\u00eb, por nj\u00eb d\u00ebshmitar raportonte se burrat p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht “trajtoheshin si qenie njer\u00ebzore, e jo si kafsh\u00eb”.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrpjekjeve p\u00ebr ngritje morali – sikurse nj\u00eb gazet\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt dhe organizimi i turneve t\u00eb bejsbollit – burrat “iu p\u00ebrgjigj\u00ebn duke dh\u00ebn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb q\u00eb mund\u00ebn”.<\/p>\n
Rreth 5.800 pun\u00ebtor\u00eb vdiq\u00ebn gjat\u00eb dekad\u00ebs q\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara punuan n\u00eb projektin e kanalit.<\/p>\n
Teksa burrat hapnin rrug\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr Panama, vdekja vazhdonte t\u00eb sulmonte pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt. Shum\u00eb prej tyre u vran\u00eb nga rr\u00ebshqitjet e dheut, t\u00eb tjer\u00eb nga shp\u00ebrthimet e dinamitit.<\/p>\n
“Mishi i burrave shpesh fluturonte n\u00eb aj\u00ebr sikur zogjt\u00eb”, kujtonte nj\u00eb pun\u00ebtor.<\/p>\n
Por, puna u krye para afatit dhe sipas buxhetit t\u00eb caktuar.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb vjesht\u00ebn e vitit 1913, presidenti i SHBA-s\u00eb, Woodrow Wilson, shtypi nj\u00eb sust\u00eb n\u00eb tavolin\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb Uashington, e cila hodhi n\u00eb er\u00eb nj\u00eb mur detar n\u00eb Panama, rreth 3.300 kilometra larg.<\/p>\n
Teksa uji rrodhi me shpejt\u00ebsi n\u00eb shtratin e kanalit, The New York Times raportoi se “\u00ebndrra shekullore u b\u00eb realitet”.<\/p>\n
Para hapjes formale t\u00eb kanalit, m\u00eb 15 gusht 1914, pakkush kishte marr\u00eb vesh p\u00ebr t\u00eb.<\/p>\n
At\u00eb ver\u00eb, v\u00ebmendja e bot\u00ebs ishte e p\u00ebrqendruar mbi Evrop\u00ebn dhe konfliktin e ashp\u00ebr q\u00eb s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb njihej si Lufta e Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n
Dekada pas hapjes s\u00eb kanalit, i cili transformoi tregtin\u00eb bot\u00ebrore, nis\u00ebn t\u00eb rriten tensionet nd\u00ebrmjet amerikan\u00ebve q\u00eb paguheshin mir\u00eb e q\u00eb jetonin brenda zon\u00ebs s\u00eb kanalit n\u00ebn kontrollin e SHBA-s\u00eb, dhe panamez\u00ebve.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb janarin e vitit 1964, armiq\u00ebsit\u00eb e nd\u00ebrsjella shp\u00ebrthyen n\u00eb dhun\u00eb vdekjeprur\u00ebse, pasi nj\u00eb flamur i Panamas\u00eb u shqye n\u00eb mes t\u00eb nj\u00eb z\u00ebnke nd\u00ebrmjet dy grupeve.<\/p>\n
Incidenti i 1964-t\u00ebs shtoi z\u00ebrat n\u00eb Uashington q\u00eb kanali t’i jepej n\u00ebn kontroll Panamas\u00eb.<\/p>\n
L\u00ebshimi kontrovers i presidentit Jimmy Carter b\u00ebri q\u00eb rruga detare t’i dor\u00ebzohej vendit t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs qendrore m\u00eb 31 dhjetor 1999.<\/p>\n
Historiania Julie Green, e cila ka shkruar nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr p\u00ebr historin\u00eb e kanalit, thot\u00eb p\u00ebr Radion Evropa e Lir\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00ebdo p\u00ebrpjekje amerikane sot p\u00ebr t\u00eb rimarr\u00eb kontrollin e kanalit me shum\u00eb gjas\u00eb do t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb nj\u00eb konflikt.<\/p>\n